Customer Satisfaction-1

It is necessary to satisfy the expectation levels of different values and identify whether there is any gap between expectation and experience of such values. If needed action plan to fill the gap is to be taken to satisfy the customers. Satisfaction of a customer is the base of retaining the customers and helps to acquire new customers. Customer data management and data updating which leads towards customer satisfaction is most important part of customer relationship management software.

Expectation (E1) and Experience (E2) value
To retain the customers, it is highly important to verify how far these perceived values are satisfied. By nature, customers tend to compare the actual experience with their expectation based on the benefits they derive, while using the product. If the expectation is higher than the experience (E1 > E2) it is said to be negative disconfirmation, if the expectation is equal to the experience it is confirmation (E1 = E2); and if the expectation is less than the experience, it is said to be positive disconfirmation (E1 < E2). Negative disconfirmation leads the dissatisfaction to satisfaction.

Objectives
The main objectives of the study are:
1. To measure the level of expectations of values
2. To measure the experience level of the values
3. To identify whether there is any significant difference between the values expected and experienced.

Database Marketing – 4

As apart of our talk on database marketing today we are going to discuss on analytical and modeling which is also important factor of the database marketing. We have already discussed on many important factors like consumer data, business data, and source of data for database marketing.

Analytics and modeling
Companies with large databases of customer information risk being "data rich and information poor." As a result, a considerable amount of attention is paid to the analysis of data. For instance, companies often segment their customers based on the analysis of differences in behavior, needs, or attitudes of their customers. A common method of behavioral segmentation is RFM, in which customers are placed into subsegments based on the recency, frequency, and monetary value of past purchases. Van den Poel (2003) gives an overview of the predictive performance of a large class of variables typically used in database-marketing modeling.

They may also develop predictive models, which forecast the propensity of customers to behave in certain ways. For instance, marketers may build a model that rank orders customers on their likelihood to respond to a promotion. Commonly employed statistical techniques for such models include logistic regression and neural networks.

Database marketing

Database marketing is a form of direct marketing using databases of customers or potential customers to generate personalized communications in order to promote a product or service for marketing purposes. The method of communication can be any addressable medium, as in direct marketing.

The distinction between direct and database marketing stems primarily from the attention paid to the analysis of data. Database marketing emphasizes the use of statistical techniques to develop models of customer behavior, which are then used to select customers for communications. As a consequence, database marketers also tend to be heavy users of data warehouses, because having a greater amount of data about customers increases the likelihood that a more accurate model can be built. The "database" is usually name, address, and transaction history details from internal sales or delivery systems, or a bought-in compiled "list" from another organization, which has captured that information from its customers. Typical sources of compiled lists are charity donation forms, application forms for any free product or contest, product warranty cards, subscription forms, and credit application forms. The communications generated by database marketing may be described as junk mail or spam, if it is unwanted by the addressee.

Privacy concerns-2

The danger occurs when the summarized data paints an untrue picture of things. This can lead to a company taking improper actions which could be detrimental to the prosperity of the company. The threat to an individual’s privacy comes into play when the data, once compiled, causes the data miner to be able to identify specific individuals, especially when originally the data was anonymous. Aggregating data from multiple sources allows profiles of individuals to be created . In order for the information derived from the data that is mined to be meaningful one must assume that the data which is in the repository is accurate and complete. In addition, one must assume that the analysis was done in a way that would produce a reliable result. A common saying is “garbage in garbage out” meaning if the data that is input into your repository is of poor quality, your analysis, or output, will also be of poor quality .

The steps that may be taken in order to protect your customers, from whom you are collecting data, and your company are to specify the purpose of the data collection and any data mining projects, how the data will be used, who will be able to mine the data and use it, the security surrounding access to the data, and in addition, to provide a way for individuals to update data which was collected from them. This also assists in ensuring the data is accurate. One may additionally modify the data so that it is anonymous so that individuals may not be readily identified.

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Privacy concerns-1

There are also privacy and human rights concerns associated with data mining, specifically regarding the source of the data analyzed. Data mining provides information that may be difficult to obtain otherwise. When the data collected involves individual people, there are many questions concerning privacy, legality, and ethics. In particular, data mining government or commercial data sets for national security or law enforcement purposes, such as in the Total Information Awareness Program, has raised privacy concerns.

The following facts have increased the urgency and difficulty regarding data mining and protecting the privacy of the individuals about whom the data was collected: the decreased cost of data mining tools and the prevalence of those tools, an increase in the amount of data being collected and stored, an increase in the use of data aggregation, and the use of data warehouses as the stores for the data from several sources.

“Data mining by itself is ethically neutral”. There are several ethical issues which are raised by the topic of data mining: “the suitability and validity of the methods used in any given data mining application, the degree to which confidentiality and privacy obligations are respected, and the overall aims of a given data mining application”.

One must take into consideration the reliability of the source of the data which is being mined, the reason that the data was collected originally, and any aggregation that has taken place A danger which is inherent to data mining projects is the possibility of erroneous information resulting from data aggregation. Data aggregation is when the data which has been mined, possibly from various sources, has been put together so that it can be analyzed.

Algorithms

There are various data mining algorithms which can be used to build the mining model. But choosing the right algorithm for the right business task is critical. Different algorithms can be used to do the same business tasks but each algorithm produces different results.
The various types of algorithms are as follows:
1. Classification algorithm predicts one or more discrete variables, based on the other attributes in the dataset. eg: Microsoft Decision Trees Algorithm.

2. Regression algorithm predicts one or more continuous variables, such as profit or loss, based on other attributes in the dataset. eg: Microsoft Time Series Algorithm.

3. Segmentation algorithm divides data into groups, or clusters, of items that have similar properties. eg: Microsoft Clustering Algorithm.

4. Association algorithm finds correlations between different attributes in a dataset. The most common application of this kind of algorithm is for creating association rules, which can be used in a market basket analysis. eg: Microsoft Association Algorithm.

5. Sequence analysis algorithm summarizes frequent sequences or episodes in data, such as a Web path flow. eg: Microsoft Sequence Clustering Algorithm.

A data mining application can adopt different algorithms for different functions, for example we can use segmentation algorithms for exploring data and regression algorithms for prediction functionalities.

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Data Mining -1

We are talking data mining in our last post and we were talking background of data mining. We continue our talk on data mining in this post.


Data mining identifies trends within data that go beyond simple analysis. Through the use of sophisticated algorithms, non-statistician users have the opportunity to identify key attributes of business processes and target opportunities. However, abdicating control of this process from the statistician to the machine may result in false-positives or no useful results at all.


Although data mining is a relatively new term, the technology is not. For many years, businesses have used powerful computers to sift through volumes of data such as supermarket scanner data to produce market research reports (although reporting is not always considered to be data mining). Continuous innovations in computer processing power, disk storage, and statistical software are dramatically increasing the accuracy and usefulness of data analysis.


The term data mining is often used to apply to the two separate processes of knowledge discovery and prediction. Knowledge discovery provides explicit information that has a readable form and can be understood by a user.